「学び合いの会－海外ニュース」 293号
ローマで10/5から始まっている世界代表司教会議（シノドス）の
雰囲気を伝えるNCR（ナショナル・カトリック・リポーター誌）の
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シノドスの最初の討議から：きびしい用語の改善は漸進的に
ジョシュア・マッケルウィー 2014/10/7 NCR（National Catholic Reporter）
本文
世界司教会議の議論の最初の数日の焦点は、バチカンの観察者によれば、一部には家庭生活を論じる際の“きびしい教会用語”の改善方法と、信者の信仰育成にかかる時間を認めることに焦点が当たっている。
この二日間で７０人の聖職者が論じたと言われるある一つの課題は、いかに聖職者たちが“人々を教会に引き寄せるのに必ずしも必要ではない”言葉を以ってどのように信者にレッテルを貼るかを語っている。
Synod of Bishopsとして知られるこのイベントにについた火曜にブリーフィング（要点説明）をした聖バシル修道会のThomas Rosica神父は、よく使われる三つの教会用語について一人以上のシノドス参加者が言及したと述べた：
“罪に生きる”("Living in sin")、婚前同棲者を言及する用語。
“内因性障害”("Intrinsically disordered”)、同性愛者（ゲイ）を言及する用語。
“避妊的性向”("Contraceptive mentality")、一部聖職者が、胎児生命軽視の社会について言及する用語。
シノドス参加者の意見を要約するなら、「信者にレッテルを貼るのは、人々を教会に引き入れる役に立たない。非常に異なる状況に合わせるには聖職者の用語を変えるべきとの願望があった。」とRosica神父は10月5日~19日の会議のブリーフィングの中で語った。
今までのシノドスと違い、バチカンは、約190もの発言に関する文書や要約を出さない代わりに、3人の報道官がシノドスの要点をまとめ、毎日ブリーフィング（要点説明）を行う。
3人は、Federico Lombardi神父（イエズス会、バチカン公式報道官、言語：イタリア語）、Manuel Dorantes神父（米国シカゴ大司教区、言語：スペイン語）及びThomas Rosica神父（カナダ、言語：英語）である。
彼ら報道官と共に、火曜日には英国のVincent Nichols枢機卿とAntiochのマロン典礼カトリック 教会総大司教Bechara Boutros al-Rahi枢機卿が出席した。Nichols枢機卿は、これまで繰り返されるテーマは“漸進性”("graduality")の神学的観念であり、その意味するところは、時にはカトリック信者はその生涯を通して教会の教えに忠実にまたは理解することで成長する、ということである、漸進性は、自分の聖性を求めて一歩一歩進むことを信者に許し、励ます、我々全てにとっての司牧上の倫理神学の鉄則である。そこには我々が歩む小道があり、その観念の展開のための基礎の一部はすでにこの始まりの数日に語られているとわたしは考える。」と述べた。
同時に、Nichols枢機卿は、このシノドスに具体的変化を望むカトリック信者は、まずこれに引き続く会議（来年の通常シノドス）を待つ必要がある、と述べた。「そこには、多くの憂慮、提唱されつつある多くのアイディアがある。わたしは、我々は、忍耐を以ってこのプロセスの熟成を待たねばならない、と考える。」
“大胆に語り、謙遜を以って耳を傾けてほしい”と語った月曜日朝の教皇Francisの講話にふれて、Nichols枢機卿は「忍耐強く、その形が次第に現れてくるのを待つように彼は我々に語っているのだ。」そして記者からのこのシノドスの結果の見通しを訊ねられて、「そしてあなた方も同じ様に待たねばならないのです。」と述べた。
これまでのこのシノドスの諸意見を総括しながら、Lombardi報道官は火曜日、その朝までの会議で70人の参加者が意見を語ったと述べた。Lombardi、RosicaおよびDorantesは、それぞれ議論の間に観察したテーマのリストを示した。Rosicaは、シノドスのプロセス、漸進性("graduality,")の観念、希望の徳目("virtue of hope")、司牧実践上の創造的プログラム("creative programs")を含む11の別のリストを示し、結婚の神学がどのように三位一体論と関係するかについて述べた。しかし、このシノドスが、教会教義に変化を与える結果となるかもしれないとの報道と矛盾して、Rosicaは「これまで教義を変える必要には一切の発言はなかったが、近づき得る方法で我々が知るものを再目的化(repurpose)する表現(language)はあったと述べた。そして後に彼は「教義を変えることについては何も聞いていないが、教義の理解を深めることには大きな願望を聞いている。」と語った。
司教たちは、月曜日午後から木曜日夕刻まで、それぞれの会議のテーマの公表によって、会合を開くことになる。そのテーマについて、結婚している夫婦による証言が続くことになる。オーストラリアの夫婦がその性生活を率直に語り、避妊を禁じる教義について“美を認めることは極めて困難”であると述べた月曜日（6日）午後の証言について、Nichols枢機卿は、NCRの質問に答えて、「夫婦の性生活は、我々司教が一般的な話題とするものではない」と述べた。「この問題を、会議の冒頭に行われた貢献として聞くことは、他の人々が続いて証言する場を開くものとわたしは考える。そして、それは、それが結婚が健康な状態(well-being)にあるために、本質的であることの.認識であった。そして、それは神の愛と体験を、経験し分かち合うことができるという中心的な点であり、そこでそれは違いをなすのであった。その証言にどのように司教たちが応じたのか？非常に暖かく拍手喝さいして応じた。」と述べた。
Nichols枢機卿はまた、シノドスホールの議論はこれまでのところは「非常に美しい精神」("very lovely spirit")で行われている。そこには雰囲気の明るさがあり、それは司教たちを学究的検討よりも、より一層彼らの司牧経験から話をさせていると考える」と述べた。司教たちのシノドスの間の作業は火曜日午後も続いた。約190人の聖職者がこのシノドスにはおり、議論における投票権がある。主に非聖職者であるその他の約60人は、他の役割で選ばれ、議論には参加できるが、投票権はない。
会議開始１週間後に、司教たちはこのシノドスのための作業文書素案をつくり、それに従って第２週を作業し、教皇に届ける「シノドス最終文書」を作成することになる。
月曜日（10月6日）午後に、予め用意された原稿を以って話された講話者の中には：
Washington教区のDonald Wuerl枢機卿、前バチカン国務長官のAngelo Sodano枢機卿、
ドイツのWalter Kasper枢機卿、フィリピンのLuis Tagle枢機卿、オーストリ―のChristoph Schönborn枢機卿があった。
月曜日午後の「予定外の」講演者には：フランスのAndré Vingt-Trois枢機卿、ブラジルのOdilo Scherer,枢機卿、同じくブラジルのJoão Braz de Aviz枢機卿、アフリカ・ガーナのPeter Turkson枢機卿と英国のVincent Nichols枢機卿の名があった。
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訳注：シノドスで最初に発言した枢機卿の方々：
(1) Donald William Wuerl (born November 12, 1940) is an American cardinal of the Catholic Church. He is the sixth and current Archbishop of Washington, serving since 2006. He previously served as Auxiliary Bishop of Seattle (1986–87) and Bishop of Pittsburgh (1988–2006). He was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope Benedict XVI in 2010.
(2) Angelo Raffaele Sodano (born 23 November 1927) is an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who has been Dean of the College of Cardinals since 2005. He was Cardinal Secretary of State from 1990 to 2006, under both popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI. On 27 April 2005, he was elected to succeed Benedict XVI as Dean of the College of Cardinals by his fellow Cardinal Bishops. Sodano was the first person since 1828 to serve simultaneously as Dean and Secretary of State.
(3) Walter Kasper (born 5 March 1933) is a German cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He is president Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, having served as its president from 2001 to 2010. Kasper speaks German, English and Italian.
(4) Luis Antonio Tagle (born June 21, 1957) is a Roman Catholic Filipino Cardinal, the 32nd Archbishop of Manila, Cardinal-Priest of the titular church of San Felice da Cantalice a Centocelle[1][2] and de facto Primate of the Philippines.[3][4] He was appointed by Pope Benedict XVI to succeed Archbishop Emeritus Cardinal Gaudencio Rosales.
(5) Christoph Maria Michael Hugo Damian Peter Adalbert Graf von Schönborn, O.P. (born 22 January 1945), is a Bohemian-born Austrian Dominican friar and theologian, who is a cardinal of the Catholic Church. He serves as the Archbishop of Vienna and President of the Austrian Bishops' Conference. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1998. He is also the chaplain of the Order of the Golden Fleece (Austrian branch), of which he has been a member since 1961. He is a member of the formerly sovereign princely House of Schönborn, several members of which held high offices of the Holy Roman Empire and the Catholic Church.
(6) André Armand Vingt-Trois (pronounced: [andʁe aʁmɑ̃ vɛ̃‿tʁwa]) (born 7 November 1942) is a French cardinal of the Catholic Church. He currently serves as Archbishop of Paris, having previously served as Archbishop of Tours from 1999 to 2005. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 2007.
(7) Odilo Pedro Scherer (Brazilian Portuguese: [oˈdʒilu ˈpedɾu ˈʃɛɾeɾ]; born September 21, 1949) is a Brazilian Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He currently serves as Archbishop of São Paulo, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 2007. In the international media, he was mentioned as a possible contender to succeed Benedict XVI, who resigned in 2013.
(8) João Braz de Aviz (Brazilian Portuguese: [ʒuˈɐ̃w ˈbɾas dʒi aˈvis], Latin: Ioannes Blasius de Aviz; born 24 April 1947) is the prefect of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life since his appointment by Pope Benedict XVI on 4 January 2011. At the time if the conclave that elected Pope Francis in 2013, his name was mentioned as a possible candidate for election to the papacy.
(9) Peter Kodwo Appiah Turkson (born 11 October 1948) is a Ghanaian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He is the president of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace since his appointment by Pope Benedict XVI on 24 October 2009. He had served as Archbishop of Cape Coast. He was elevated to the cardinalate by Pope John Paul II in 2003, and is widely regarded as papabile.
(10) Vincent Gerard Nichols (born 8 November 1945) is an English Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, Archbishop of Westminster, Chancellor of St Mary's University, Twickenham and President of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales. He previously served as Archbishop of Birmingham from 2000 to 2009. On 22 February 2014, Pope Francis admitted Nichols to the Sacred College of Cardinals at a general consistory.
（英文）
Among first synod discussions: changing harsh language, trying 'graduality'
by Joshua J. McElwee on Oct. 7, 2014
Vatican City -- The first days of discussions at the global meeting of Catholic bishops have focused partly on how to change "harsh language" used by the church in discussing family life and on acknowledging that people grow in faith slowly, according to Vatican observers of the meeting.
One theme said to be included in 70 speeches made by prelates over the past two days is how the prelates label people with words that "are not necessarily words that invite people to draw closer to the church."
Briefing reporters Tuesday on the event, known as a Synod of Bishops, Basilian Fr. Thomas Rosica said one or more synod members specifically referred to three terms commonly used by the church:
•"Living in sin": a reference to couples who live together before marriage;
•"Intrinsically disordered": a reference to gay people; and
•"Contraceptive mentality": a reference made by some prelates to refer to a society that does not respect life.
"To label people ... does not help in bringing people to Christ," said Rosica, summarizing the synod member. "There was a great desire that our language has to change in order to meet the very difficult situations." Rosica spoke Tuesday during a Vatican briefing summarizing the talks at the Oct. 5-19 synod.
Unlike previous synods, the Vatican is not releasing texts or summaries of the some 190 prelates' talks but is instead providing daily briefings with three spokesmen who are attending the synod and summarizing events: official Vatican spokesman Jesuit Fr. Federico Lombardi, in Italian; Chicago archdiocesan Fr. Manuel Dorantes, in Spanish; and Rosica, in English.
Joining the spokesmen Tuesday were also two synod members: English Cardinal Vincent Nichols and Cardinal Bechara Boutros al-Rahi, the Maronite Patriarch of Antioch. Nichols said one recurring theme so far is the theological notion of "graduality," meaning that Catholics may sometimes grow toward adherence or understanding of church teaching throughout their lives. "It's a law of pastoral moral theology which permits and encourages people, all of us, to take one step at a time in our search for holiness in our lives," Nichols said.
At the same time, Nichols said Catholics looking for concrete changes to come from the synod need to wait for the meeting to continue first. "There's a lot of ideas being put forward -- a lot of concerns -- and I think we have to be patient and let this process mature," he said. Referring to Francis' speech to the group Monday morning, in which the pontiff asked the prelates to "speak boldly and listen with humility," Nichols said, "He's saying to us, be patient, let the picture emerge gradually." "And I think you have to be the same," the cardinal said, referring to press questions about what the synod might result in.
Giving an overview of the synod talks so far, Lombardi said Tuesday that 70 synod members had spoken in the sessions held through Tuesday morning. Lombardi, Rosica and Dorantes each gave a separate list of themes they observed during the discussions. Rosica presented 11 separate themes -- including the process of the synod itself, the notion of "graduality," the "virtue of hope," "creative programs" for pastoral practice, and how marriage theology relates to Trinitarian theology. But, contradicting reports that the synod may result in changes of certain church doctrines, Rosica said: "There was no language whatsoever of a need to change doctrine but to repurpose what we know in a way that's accessible" to all. "I didn't hear anything about changing doctrine, but I heard a great desire to deepen our understanding of doctrine," he said later.
The bishops are opening each of their meetings Monday afternoon through Thursday evening with announcement of the theme for that session, followed by a testimony by a married couple on the theme. Responding to an NCR question about Monday afternoon's testimony -- in which an Australian couple spoke frankly about their sex lives and said it was "extremely hard to appreciate the beauty" of church teachings prohibiting contraception -- Nichols said couples' sex lives was "not what we bishops talk about generally." "To hear that as the opening contribution did, I think, open up an area which other people did follow, and it was a recognition that that was essential to the well-being of a marriage," he said. "And it's a central point of which the experience of God's love and experience can be experienced and shared. So it did make a difference." "How did we respond? Very warmly with applause," he said.
Nichols also said discussions in the synod hall so far have had a "very lovely spirit." "There is a lightness of atmosphere, which I think does enable people to speak much more from their pastoral experience ... than from their academic study," he said. The bishops' work during the synod continues Tuesday afternoon. Approximately 190 prelates are at the synod and will be able to vote in the discussions. Some 60 others, mainly non-prelates, have been selected in other roles and are able to contribute to discussions but not to vote.
After one week of meetings, the bishops will create a draft of a working document for the synod that will then be worked on during the second week of meetings, resulting in a final document for the synod that will be delivered to the pope. Among those who gave pre-written addresses during Monday's afternoon sessions: Washington Cardinal Donald Wuerl, former Vatican Secretary of State Cardinal Angelo Sodano, German Cardinal Walter Kasper, Philippine Cardinal Luis Tagle, and Austrian Cardinal Christoph Schönborn.
Included in those who gave "free" remarks Monday afternoon: French Cardinal André Vingt-Trois, Brazilian Cardinal Odilo Scherer, Brazilian Cardinal João Braz de Aviz, Ghanaian Cardinal Peter Turkson, and Nichols.